Efektivitas dan Pengaruh Kombinasi Anestesi Ketamine-Xylazine pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus)
Bilah Samping Artikel
Isi Artikel Utama
Abstrak
Anesthesia is used in several studies to reduce or eliminate pain and suffering in experimental animals. One of the most widely used experimental animal species in research is rat (Rattus norvegicus). Ketamine-xylazine (KX) is a combination that is often used for injection anesthesia in rats. The properties of the KX combination ideally can induce the desired effect, such as analgesics, muscle relaxation, and sedation. However, the KX combination can cause side effects that affects the physiological function in rat’s body. This literature study discusses the variety of ketamine-xylazine combination doses that can be used as anesthesia in rats, their effect on cardiorespiratory parameters and body temperature in rats. It can be concluded that the combination of ketamine-xylazine provides a variety of doses that produce a fast onset of action and a duration of action that can be adjusted according to needs.
Unduhan
Rincian Artikel
Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Referensi
Albrecht, M., Henke, J., Tacke, S., Markert, M. and Guth, B. 2014a. Effects of isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl on physiological variables continuously measured by telemetry in Wistar rats. BMC veterinary research, 10(1), p.198.
Albrecht, M., Henke, J., Tacke, S., Markert, M. dan Guth, B. 2014b. Influence of repeated anaesthesia on physiological parameters in male Wistar rats: a telemetric study about isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. BMC veterinary research, 10(1), p.310.
Aledani, A., Khudhair, N., Alrafas, R. 2020. Effect of different methods of anesthesia on physio- biochemical parameters in laboratory male rats. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research. 19. pp.206-214.
Cicero, L., Fazzotta, S., Palumbo, V.D., Cassata, G. dan Monte, A.I.L. 2018. Anesthesia protocols in laboratory animals used for scientific purposes. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(3), p.337-342.
Dodelet-Devillers, A., Zullian, C., Vachon, P. dan Beaudry, F. 2016. Assessment of stability of ketamine-xylazine preparations with or without acepromazine using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 80(1), pp.86-89.
Giroux, M.C., Hélie, P., Burns, P. dan Vachon, P. 2015. Anesthetic and pathological changes following high doses of ketamine and xylazine in Sprague Dawley rats. Experimental animals, 64(3), pp.253-260.
Liu, E. dan Fan, J. 2018. Fundamentals of Laboratory Animal Science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.140-141.
Massey, C.A. and Richerson, G.B. 2017. Isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine, and urethane markedly alter breathing even at subtherapeutic doses. Journal of neurophysiology, 118(4), pp.2389-2401
Mechelinck, M., Kupp, C., Krüger, J.C., Habigt, M.A., Helmedag, M.J., Tolba, R.H., Rossaint, R. dan Hein, M. 2019. Oxygen inhalation improves postoperative survival in ketamine-xylazine anaesthetised rats: An observational study. PloS one, 14(12), p.1-14.
Molina, A.M., Moyano, M.R., Serrano-Rodriguez, J.M., Ayala, N., Lora, A.J. dan Serrano- Caballero, J.M. 2015. Analyses of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats. Veterinarni Medicina, 60(7). pp.368-375
Noppers, I., Niesters, M., Aarts, L., Smith, T., Sarton, E. dan Dahan, A. 2010. Ketamine for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 11(14), pp.2417-2429.
Picollo, C., Serra, A.J., Levy, R.F., Antonio, E.L., Santos, L.D. dan Tucci, P.J.F. 2012.Hemodynamic and thermoregulatory effects of xylazine-ketamine mixture persist even after the anesthetic stage in rats. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 64(4), pp.860-864.
Plumb, D.C. 2018. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook 9th ed. Stockholm: PharmaVet Inc. pp.775-780, 1420-1425.
Redfors, B., Shao, Y. and Omerovic, E., 2014. Influence of anesthetic agent, depth of anesthesia and body temperature on cardiovascular functional parameters in the rat. Laboratory animals, 48(1), pp.6-14
Struck, M.B., Andrutis, K.A., Ramirez, H.E. dan Battles, A.H. 2011. Effect of a short-term fast on ketamine–xylazine anesthesia in rats. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 50(3), pp.344-348.
Tsukamoto, A., Niino, N., Sakamoto, M., Ohtani, R. dan Inomata, T. 2018. The validity of anesthetic protocols for the surgical procedure of castration in rats. Experimental animals, pp.18-0003.
Veilleux-Lemieux, D., Castel, A., Carrier, D., Beaudry, F. dan Vachon, P. 2013. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine in young and old Sprague–Dawley rats. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 52(5), pp.567-570.
Wellington, D., Mikaelian, I. dan Singer, L., 2013. Comparison of ketamine–xylazine and ketamine–dexmedetomidine anesthesia and intraperitoneal tolerance in rats. Journal of the American association for laboratory animal science, 52(4), pp.481-487.
Yin, B.S., Gao, L.I., Fu, L.J., Fu, Y., Sha, W.L., Li, G.J. dan Wang, H.B. 2016. Atipamezole Attenuated Telazol/Xylazine-Induced Expression of C-Fos in Rat Thalamencephal and Cerebral Cortex. Acta Veterinaria, 66(4), pp.489-496.